Nouns: form

 

Singular and plural nouns

Nouns can be either singular or plural. Singular means just one of the person, animal or thing which the noun refers to. Plural means more than one.

singular	plural
a car	three cars
my house	some new houses
that cow	those cows

We use singular verbs with singular nouns, and plural verbs with plural nouns:

My house is the white house on the corner.

Those houses were all built in the 1950s.

 

Forming the plural of nouns

The rules for making the plural of nouns depend on the spelling and pronunciation. Most nouns form their plural by adding -s:

face - faces	school - schools
hole - holes	store - stores
monkey - monkeys	week - weeks
part - parts

In other cases, the plural depends on how the noun ends.

singular	plural	rule
box, watch, bus	boxes, watches, buses	If the noun ends in -ch, -s, -sh, -x or -z, add -es. The plural ending -es. is pronounced /ɪz/ (/ˈbɒksɪz/, /ˈwɒtʃɪz/).
university, baby, ferry	universities, babies, ferries	If the noun ends in a consonant plus -y, change y to i and add -es.
wife, thief, loaf	wives, thieves, loaves	For some nouns ending in -f, change -f to -vesbut note: roof-roofs, belief-beliefs, cliff-cliffs.
potato, cargo, torpedo	potatoes, cargoes, torpedoes	If the noun ends in -o, add -es but note: radio-radios, video-videos.
formula, phenomenon, crisis	formulae, phenomena, crises	Some nouns which come from Latin and Greek form their plurals in special ways.

Here are some important exceptions to the spelling and pronunciation of plural nouns.

singular	plural
child	children /ˈtʃɪldrən/
man	men
woman	women /ˈwɪmɪn/
tooth, foot	teeth /ti:θ/, feet /fi:t/
mouse	mice /maɪs/
sheep, fish, deer	sheep, fish, deer*

The plural has the same form as the singular.

Nouns: singular and plural

Nouns: singular and plural 

Nouns used only in the singular

Some nouns are used only in the singular, even though they end in -s. These include: the names of academic subjects such as classics, economics, mathematics/maths, physics; the physical activities gymnastics and aerobics; the diseases measles and mumps; and the word news:

Maths was never my best subject at school.

Aerobics is great fun – you should try it!

 

Nouns used only in the plural

Some nouns only have a plural form. They cannot be used with numbers. They include the names of certain tools, instruments and articles of clothing which have two parts.

Tools and instruments

binoculars	headphones	sunglasses
glasses	scissors	tweezers

Clothing

jeans	pyjamas	tights
knickers	shorts	trousers
pants

I’ve got new sunglasses. Do you like them?

He always wears shorts, even in the winter.

A pair of

We can use pair of to refer to one example of these nouns:

I bought a new pair of binoculars last week.

That old pair of trousers will be useful for doing jobs in the garden.

We use pairs of to refer to more than one example of this type of noun:

They’re advertising two pairs of glasses for the price of one.

I bought three pairs of shorts for the summer.

Other nouns which are always plural in form

belongings	outskirts
clothes	premises (buildings)
congratulations	savings (money)
earnings	stairs
goods	surroundings
likes/dislikes	thanks

Please ensure that you take all your belongings with you as you leave the aircraft.

They live on the outskirts of Frankfurt, almost in the countryside.

My clothes are wet. I’ll have to go upstairs and change.

She spent all her savings on a trip to South America.

Collective nouns (group words)

Some nouns refer to groups of people (e.g. audience, committee, government, team). These are sometimes called collective nouns. Some collective nouns can take a singular or plural verb, depending on whether they are considered as a single unit or as a collection of individuals:

audience	crew	public
committee	enemy	team
company	government	Manchester United

Compare

seen as a single unit	seen as individuals
The audience was larger than average and the concert was a success.	The audience were all cheering wildly.
The government is hoping that online voting will attract more young people to vote.	The government are all very nervous about the report, which will be published tomorrow.
Manchester United is the world’s most famous football club.	Manchester United are looking forward to meeting Valencia in the final next week.

Требования, предъявляемые к аннотациям

Требования, предъявляемые к аннотациям

Аннотации не стандартизированы. Общие требования, которые необходимо учитывать при составлении аннотаций, особенно справочных, сводятся к следующим:

1.            Композиция аннотаций должна быть логичной и может расходиться с композицией аннотируемого документа.

2.            Язык аннотации должен быть лаконичным, простым и ясным, без длинных и сложных периодов. Нередко справочные аннотации состоят всего из нескольких называемых предложении.

        3.       Отбор сведений для аннотации и порядок их следования зависят от характера аннотируемого документа и от назначения аннотации.

Слова и словосочетания для пересказа текста и реферирования.

1.   данная статья - the present paper (article, composition, essay)

2.    тема - the theme (subject - matter)

3.    основная проблема - the main (major) problem

4.    цель - the purpose

5.    основной принцип - the basic principle

6.    проблемы, связанные с - problem relating to;

7.    аналогично - similarly

8.  поэтому, следовательно, в результате этого - therefore; hence

9.    наоборот - on the contrary

10.  тем    не менее - nevertheless; still; yet

11. кроме того - besides; also; again; in addition

12. сначала - at first

13.  далее, затем - next; then; further

14. наконец, итак - finally

15.  вкратце - in short; in brief

Цель написания статьи:

1,  The object (purpose) of this paper is to present (discuss, to descnbe,to show, to develop, to give)...

2.  The paper (article) puts forward the idea (attempt to determine) 

Вопросы, обсуждаемые в статье:

1. The paper (article) discusses some problems relating to (deals with some aspects of, considers the problem of, presents the basic theory, provides information on, reviews the basic principles of)...

2. The paper (article) is concerned with(is devoted to)....

Начало статьи:

1.  The paper (article) begins with a short discussion on (deals) firstly with the problem of...

2.  The first paragraph deals with...

3.   First (at first, at the beginning) the author points out that (notes that, describes)...

Переход к изложению следующей части статьи:

1.   Then follows а discussion on...

2.    Then the author goes on to the problem of...

3.    The next (following) paragraph deals with (present, discusses, describes)...

4.    After discussing ... the author turns to...

5.   Next (Further, Then) the author tries to (indicates that, explains that)...

6.   It must be emphasized that (should be noted that, is evident that, is clear that, is interesting to note that)...

Конец изложения статьи:

1. The final paragraph states (describes, ends with)...

2.  The conclusion is that the problem is ...

3.  The author concludes that (summarizes the)...

4.   To sum up(To summarizes. To conclude) the author emphasizes(points out, admits) that...

5.    Finally (In the end) the author admits (emphasizes) that...

Оценка статьи:

In my opinion (To my mind, 1 think)...

The paper (article) is interesting (not interesting), of importance (of little  importance), valuable (invaluable), up-to-date (out-of-date), useful (useless).