Topics for the exam

Topics for the exam

The list of topics for the exam:

1. Everyday chemistry
2. Fundamental concepts of chemistry
3. Nature of matter
4. Chemical compounds
5. The periodic table of chemical elements
6. Laboratory tools and equipment
7. Organic and inorganic chenistry
8. Polymers
9. Pharmaceutics
10. Environmental chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

What is organic chemistry? 

Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain the element carbon. This is a wide ranging topic that overlaps with other sciences like biochemistry, medicine, and materials science. Organic chemists study the properties, structure, and chemical reactions of organic compounds. 

Why is carbon important? 

Carbon is the central element to all living organisms. It is the basis to all life on earth. By studying carbon and organic compounds, scientists can learn more about life, the human body, and how it works. 

Organic Molecules 

Most organic molecules are made up of long rings or chains of carbon atoms with atoms of other elements attached. Common elements besides carbon (C) that are found in organic compounds include hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S). Some examples of organic molecules include:

• Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates consist only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They include starches and sugars and play an important role in our daily lives.
• Lipids - Lipids include fats and waxes. They are used for long term storage of energy in life forms.
• Proteins - Proteins are made up of long chains of amino acids. Proteins play an important role in nearly every process that takes place in cells.
• Nucleic Acids - Nucleic acids make up long chains of components such as DNA and RNA. DNA carries information such as genes for protein molecules to use. The RNA helps to move the DNA code from storage to where it can be used.

Types of Organic Compounds or Functional Groups 

There are a number of types of organic compounds. Scientists divide these up into functional groups based on the type of element common to the group in addition to carbon. These groups have similar properties because they have similar molecules. 

Hydrocarbons 

Hydrocarbons form a functional group of organic compounds that are composed of only hydrogenand carbon atoms. Within the group of hydrocarbons are other groups such as alkanes. Alkanes include ethane, propane, methane, and butane. A lot of these compounds are used for heating and cooking. Other groups of hydrocarbons are alkenes, and alkynes. 

Other elements 

Other elements that carbon combines with to form organic compounds include oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, and boron. 

Organic Synthesis 

Organic synthesis is the process of making organic compounds. Many of the products we use everyday are made from organic compounds produced in large factories. Examples of these include plastics, alcohols, rubber, and dyes. 

What is the difference between organic chemistry and biochemistry? 

We learned that organic chemistry is the study of compounds containing carbon. Biochemistry, on the other hand, is the study of chemical processes in biological systems. These two sciences often overlap as organic compounds play an important role in many chemical processes. 

Interesting Facts about Organic Chemistry

• Carbon occurs in its pure form in nature as graphite and diamond.
• Around 18 percent of the human body is carbon atoms.
• Charles Goodyear found that combining rubber with sulfur allowed the rubber to be more durable across temperatures.
• Synthetic dyes made from organic compounds have allowed the manufacture of dyes rather than using plants for dyes.
• DNA molecules are very long. If you stretched one out it would be about three feet long.Organic Chemistry
  
  

Homework

Homework

Unit 6. Lab equipment.  Test quiz.  

1. Text ‘Lab equipment’ on p.39 (to retell).

2. Ex. 5 p. 40.

3. Ex. 9 p. 43.

4. Lab equipment quiz on p. 44-46. (На стр.45 рядом с промывалкой добавить вариант ‘wash bottle’).

5. Test quiz (in the blog)

Test Quiz

Test Quiz

Questions on this quiz are based on information from Lab Equipment

1. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment is a container used for heating substances to very high temperatures? 
a. Bunsen burner
b. Beaker
c. Crucible
d. Erlenmeyer Flask
e. Funnel

2. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment is used for pouring substances into a container without spilling? 
a. Bunsen burner
b. Beaker
c. Crucible
d. Erlenmeyer Flask
e. Funnel

3. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment produces a flame from gas that is used for heating substances? 
a. Bunsen burner
b. Beaker
c. Crucible
d. Erlenmeyer Flask
e. Funnel

4. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment is a glass cylinder used for mixing, heating, and stirring substances? 
a. Bunsen burner
b. Beaker
c. Crucible
d. Erlenmeyer Flask
e. Funnel

5. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment is a glass container with a body shaped like a cone? 
a. Bunsen burner
b. Beaker
c. Crucible
d. Erlenmeyer Flask
e. Funnel

6. What is a graduated cylinder used for? 
a. Measuring weight
b. Pouring liquids
c. Measuring volume
d. Heating substances
e. Measuring temperature

7. What is a scoopula used for? 
a. Measuring weight
b. Crushing and grinding solids into a powder
c. Measuring volume
d. Heating substances
e. Scooping up solids such as powder

8. What is a mortar and pestle used for? 
a. Measuring weight
b. Crushing and grinding solids into a powder
c. Measuring volume
d. Heating substances
e. Scooping up solids such as powder

9. True or False: Chemistry is not dangerous so you don't need safety equipment like goggles or gloves when in the lab. 
a. TRUE
b. FALSE
c. 
d. 
e. 

10. Which of the following pieces of chemistry lab equipment is used to transfer liquids from one place to another? 
a. Pipette
b. Stirring rod
c. Scoopula
d. Triangle
e. Wire gauze

Homework

Homework: Unit 6. Laboratory tools and equipment.

1. Ex. 2 p. 38;
2.  Text 'LLaboratory equipment' on p. 39 (to translate):
3. Ex. 3, 4 p. 40:
4. Ex. 8 p. 41-43:
5. Text "Chemistry labequipment' in the blog (to translate)..

Chemistry Lab Equipment

Chemistry Lab Equipment

Beaker - A beaker is a glass container with a flat bottom and a small spout for pouring. It is used in the chemistry lab for mixing, heating, and stirring liquids. Beakers come in various sizes and are shaped like a cylinder.	Beakers
Bunsen burner - The Bunsen burner is a metal tube that produces a flame from gas such as methane, propane, or butane. It is used in the lab for heating and sterilizing. The Bunsen burner is named after German chemist Robert Bunsen.	Bunsen burner

Crucible - Crucibles are containers used for heating substances to very high temperatures. They are generally made from materials such as porcelain, nickel, and alumina. 

Erlenmeyer flask - This is a type of chemistry flask with a conical shaped body, a cylindrically shaped neck, and a flat bottom. It generally has measurement marks on the side. It is similar to a beaker, but has the cone shaped body. The cone shape reduces losses from evaporation and helps to prevent spills when stirring the liquid.	Erlenmeyer flask
Funnel - A funnel is a pipe with a wide mouth that helps to pour substances into a container without spilling. In a chemistry lab, funnels are often used together with filters to separate a mixture.	Funnel and flask
Gloves - Laboratory gloves are important to wear in order to protect the skin from chemical substances. Always listen to your teacher and make sure to wear gloves when performing experiments.	Always wear gloves
Goggles - Goggles are very important when performing experiments of any kind. They can keep dangerous chemicals and other substances from damaging your eyes. Always wear your goggles in the lab!	Always wear goggles
Graduated cylinder - A tall skinny cylinder used to measure volumes. It is generally a more accurate way to measure volume than a typical beaker or flask.	Graduated cylinder
Mortar and pestle - A mortar and pestle are used to crush and grind solids into a powder. The mortar is a bowl and the pestle is a small club-shaped tool. They are typically made from ceramic or stone.	Mortar and pestle
Pipette - A narrow glass tube used to transfer liquids from one place to another. Pipettes sometimes are used for measurement. The accuracy of different pipettes varies widely.	Pipette

Scoopula - A scoopula is a metal spatula-type utensil used to scoop up solids such as powders in a chemistry lab. 

Stirring rod - A skinny solid glass rod used in chemistry to mix chemicals and liquids. A stirring rod is typically about the length of a long straw and has rounded ends. 

Test tube - A test tube is a glass or plastic tube used for holding, mixing, and heating small quantities of liquid chemicals. Test tubes often have a flared top to help with pouring. They come in a variety of sizes. Test tube holder - A stand built for holding multiple test tubes. Test tube brush - A brush designed to help clean out test tubes. Test tube clamps - Clamps that hold test tubes while using them to heat up chemicals during a lab experiment.

Test tubes in a holder

Thermometer - A device used for measuring the temperature of a substance. 

Triangle - A triangle made of clay pipes and wire that can withstand high temperatures. It is often used to hold a crucible. 

Wire gauze - A wire gauze is used to support a beaker or flask when heating. The wire gauze helps to spread the heat evenly. 

Homework

Homework
1. Text "Periodic table" p.31-32 to retell.
2. Ex. 9 on p. 34-35 Dialogue (to translate).
3. Ex. 10, on p. 35.
4. Periodic table quiz on p.36-37.
5. Reading comprehention "What is chemistry?".

Reading comprehension.

Задание I. 

Reading comprehension.

Read the text:

Прочитайте текст и выполните задания. Определите, какие из приведенных утверждений соответствуют содержанию текста(1-true), какие не соответствуют (2- false), и о чем в тексте не сказано, то есть на основании текста нельзя дать ни положительного, ни отрицательного ответа (3- not stated). Обведите номер выбранного вами варианта ответа.

What is chemistry?

 
Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the properties of matter and how matter interacts with energy. Chemistry is considered a physical science and is closely related to physics. Sometimes chemistry is called the "central science" because it is an important part of other major sciences such as biology, Earth science, and physics. Scientists who specialize in chemistry are called chemists.

Chemistry is used all around us. Doctors use chemistry to make medicine that helps us when we are sick. Engineers use chemistry to make electronics like your TV and your cell phone. Farmers use chemistry to help their crops to grow so we can have food. Even chefs use chemistry to cook delicious meals. By understanding chemistry you can better understand the world around you and how it works.  
Matter is the stuff all around us: your computer, the air you breathe, the water you drink, the flowers you smell, your lunch, even you are made up of matter. Matter takes up space and has a mass.

When you study chemistry you will learn all about matter and its properties.  Matter is the name that scientists have given to everything that you can touch, see, feel, or smell.

There are also very small pieces of matter that you can’t see or touch. Chemists use special equipment to study those little guys. Scientists theorize all of the matter we can observe makes up about 5% of the Universe. The rest is made of dark matter and dark energy. 

Just so you know, mass and weight are different. Mass is an amount of matter that is the same everywhere in the Universe. One kilogram of iron (Fe) will have the same mass on the Earth or the Moon. Weight is based on the gravity of the environment. That kilogram of iron will weigh more on the Earth because the Earth has a stronger gravity than the Moon. Since Jupiter is much larger than the Earth (stronger gravitational force), the weight of that iron on Jupiter will be much heavier. The mass will be the same.

1. Chemistry is the scientific study of matter.  

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

2. Chemistry does not study the changes that take place with that matter.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

3. Matter can change physical states without having a chemical reaction.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

4. Weight is an amount of matter that is the same everywhere in the Universe.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

5. There are two main qualities of matter: matter has a mass and occupies space. 

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

6. Chemists also look at the way acids can dissolve certain compounds.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

7. Mass and weight are the same.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

8. Chemists also study the smallest particles and pieces of matter.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

9. Chemical reactions occur when matter interacts and transforms.

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated

10. Over thousands of years, chemists have come to understand many different ways that matter moves across the Universe. 

1) True     2) False     3) Not stated