пятница, 24 апреля 2015 г.

Solutions and Dissolving

What is a solution?

A solution is a specific type of mixture where one substance is dissolved into another. A solution is the same, or uniform, throughout which makes it a homogeneous mixture . Go here to learn more about mixtures.

A solution has certain characteristics:

It is uniform, or homogeneous, throughout the mixture
It is stable and doesn't change over time or settle
The solute particles are so small they cannot be separated by filtering
The solute and solvent molecules cannot be distinguished by the naked eye
It does not scatter a beam of light

Example of a Solution

One example of a solution is salt water which is a mixture of water and salt. You cannot see the salt and the salt and water will stay a solution if left alone.

Parts of a Solution

Solute - The solute is the substance that is being dissolved by another substance. In the example above, the salt is the solute.
Solvent - The solvent is the substance that dissolves the other substance. In the example above, the water is the solvent.

A solution is a type of homogeneous mixture

Dissolving

A solution is made when one substance called the solute "dissolves" into another substance called the solvent. Dissolving is when the solute breaks up from a larger crystal of molecules into much smaller groups or individual molecules. This break up is caused by coming into contact with the solvent.

In the case of salt water, the water molecules break off salt molecules from the larger crystal lattice. They do this by pulling away the ions and then surrounding the salt molecules. Each salt molecule still exists. It is just now surrounded by water molecules instead of fixed to a crystal of salt.

Solubility

Solubility is a measure of how much solute can be dissolved into a liter of solvent. Think of the example of water and salt. If you keep pouring salt into water, at some point the water isn't going to be able to dissolve the salt.

Saturated

When a solution reaches the point where it cannot dissolve any more solute it is considered "saturated." If a saturated solution loses some solvent, then solid crystals of the solute will start to form. This is what happens when water evaporates and salt crystals begin to form.

Concentration

The concentration of a solution is the proportion of the solute to solvent. If there is a lot of solute in a solution, then it is "concentrated". If there is a low amount of solute, then the solution is said to be "diluted."

Miscible and immiscible

When two liquids can be mixed to form a solution they are called "miscible." If two liquids cannot be mixed to form a solution they are called "immiscible." An example of miscible liquids is alcohol and water. An example of immiscible liquids is oil and water. Have you ever heard the saying "oil and water don't mix"? This is because they are immiscible.

Interesting Facts about Solutions

There is a solvent called aqua regia which can dissolve the noble metals including gold and platinum.
You can't see a beam of light when shining it through a true solution. This means fog is not a solution. It is a colloid.
Solutions can be liquid, solid, or gas. An example of a solid solution is steel.
Solids are generally more soluble at higher temperatures.
Carbonated beverages are made by dissolving carbon dioxide gas into liquid at high pressure.

Separating Mixtures

Many of the substances we use everyday were actually once part of a mixture. Someone somewhere separated that substance from the mixture so we could use it. It turns out that many compounds and elements aren't found in nature in their pure form, but are found as parts of mixtures. Separating substances from mixtures is an important part of chemistry and modern industry.

Some important chemistry terms are used in this section including mixtures, suspensions, andsolutions. You can click on the links to learn more about each of them.

Why do we want to separate mixtures?

All the way back to Ancient History, industrious humans have separated mixtures in order to obtain the specific substances that they need. One example of this is extracting metal from ore in order to make tools and weapons. We'll discuss some other examples of separation below.

Separation Processes

The way in which different substances in a mixture are separated is called a process. There are a number of different processes used for separation. Many of them are very complex and involve dangerous chemicals or high temperatures. A lot of important industries in the world today are based on separation processes.

Filtration

One common method of separation is filtration. Filters are used everywhere. We use them in our houses to filter dust and mites out of the air we breathe. We use them to filter impurities from our water. We even have filters in our bodies such as our kidneys which act as filters to get bad stuff out of our blood.

The filtration process is generally used to separate a suspension mixture where small solid particles are suspended in liquid or air. In the case of filtering water, the water is forced through a paper that is made up of a very fine mesh of fibers. The water that has been run through the filter is called the filtrate. The particles that are removed from the water by the filter are called the residue.

Filtration diagram showing residue and filtrate

Distillation

Another common separation process is called distillation. Distillation uses boiling to separate mixtures of liquid solutions. It takes into account that different substances in the mixture will have different boiling points.

For example, if you heat salt water the water in the solution will boil before the salt. The water will then evaporate leaving the salt behind. If the steam from the water is collected it will turn back into liquid as it cools. This cooled water will be pure water without any salt.

Centrifuge

In some cases, there are suspension mixtures where the solid particles are too fine to be separated with a filter. In these cases, sometimes a centrifuge is used. Centrifuges are mechanical devices that spin at very high speeds. These high speeds allow the solid particles in suspensions to settle very quickly. For example, rather than wait for sand to slowly settle to the bottom of water, a centrifuge can cause the sand to settle in a matter of seconds.

Some examples of how centrifuges are used include separating blood into plasma and red cells, separating cream from milk, and separating uranium isotopes for nuclear power plants.

The heavier particles move to the outside
of the cylinder as the centrifuge spins
allowing the mixture to be separated.

Other Processes

There are many other separation processes such as sublimation, adsorption, crystallization, and chromatography. Sometimes it takes many stages of processes to get to the final result. One example of this is the processing of crude oil. Crude oil uses many levels of fractional distillation to produce a number of different products including gasoline, jet fuel, propane gas, and heating oil.

Interesting Facts about Separating Mixtures

To separate liquid solutions where the substances have similar boiling points, a more complex version of distillation is used called fractional distillation.
Painting uses the separation process of evaporation. The wet paint is a mixture of color pigment and a solvent. When the solvent dries and evaporates, only the color pigment is left.
The separation process of winnowing was used in ancient cultures to separate the grain from the chaff. They would throw the mixture into the air and the wind would blow away the lighter chaff, leaving the heavier grain.
High speed centrifuges can spin up to 30,000 times a minute.
Many separation processes are occurring constantly in nature.

Слова признательности	Words of Appreciation
благодарность (признательность)	gratitude
Благодарю Вас!	Thank you.
Спасибо! (неофициально, часто – в ответ)	Thanks.
Спасибо большое!	Thank you a lot.
Спасибо большое!	Thanks a lot. (может произноситься с сарказмом, когда благодарить не за что (=Thanks for nothing. - Спасибо и на том!))
Спасибо Вам большое!	Thank you very much.
Огромное Вам спасибо!	Thank you so much.
Очень Вам благодарен!	Thank you ever so much. / Thanks (Thank you) very much indeed.
Спасибо, я Вам очень признателен (ценю)!	Thanks, I (really) appreciate it!
Заранее спасибо!	Tnank you in advance.
Спасибо за внимание!	Thank you for your attention.
Спасибо за помощь!	Thank you (very much / so much) for your help. / Thanks for helping me (with something).
Спасибо за приглашение!	Thank you for the invitation.
Спасибо за чудесный подарок!	Thank you for the present. It's lovely!
Спасибо за своевременный совет!	Thank you for the timely advice.
Спасибо за чудесный ужин!	Thank you (Thanks) for the delicious dinner.
Спасибо, что пришли.	Thank you for coming.
выразить благодарность	to express one’s gratitude / thanks (to somebody)
рассыпаться в благодарностях	thank effusively / pour out one's thanks
Это очень любезно (мило) с Вашей стороны!	It’s (That's) very kind of you. / That’s very kind of you. / How good of you!
Не знаю, как Вас и благодарить!	I can’t thank you enough. / I can never thank you enough. / I can't tell you how grateful I am (for something).
Я Вам очень признателен.	I am very much obliged to you.
Я Вам очень благодарен.	I am very grateful / thankful to you.
Вы – сама доброта!	You are kindness itself.
Благодарю вас за доставленное удовольствие!	Thank you for the pleasure.
Не стоило так беспокоиться! (тратить деньги / время на подарок)	Oh, you shouldn’t have!

Возможные ответы	Possible Replies
Пожалуйста! Всегда рад (помочь).	You're welcome. (Слово “please” означает «пожалуйста», но используется только при просьбе о какой-то услуге, в значении ответа на благодарность не употребляется)
Всегда пожалуйста.	You are always welcome. / Any time.
Не за что! / Без проблем!	Not at all. / That’s all right. / That’s really nothing. / No trouble at all. / No problem.
Не стоит благодарности!	Don’t mention it.
Это я должен Вас благодарить!	The pleasure is all mine.
Мне это доставило удовольствие!	It was a real pleasure for me to do it!
Это меньшее из того, что я мог бы сделать для Вас!	It was the least I could do.