Articles - a, an & the - English Grammar lesson

               Articles - a, an & the - English Grammar lesson

        

Как спросить и указать путь по-английски

Asking Directions	Как спросить путь
Excuse me, …	Прошу прощения, … / Извините, … (обращаясь к незнакомому человеку, у которого Вы хотите что-то спросить)
Where is …?	Где находится … ?
Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to ... ?	Извините, Вы не подскажете, как добраться до ...?
How do I get to … ?	Как пройти / проехать до … ?
Excuse me, do you know where ... is?	Извините, Вы не знаете, где находится … ?
Can you tell me where … is?	Вы не подскажете, где находится … ?
I'm looking for ... .	Я ищу ... .
Are we on the right road for ...?	Мы на правильной дороге до ...?
Is this the right way for ...?	Это правильный путь до …?
Do you have a map?	У Вас есть карта?
Can you show me on the map?	Вы можете показать мне на карте?
Are you from around here?	Вы местный?

landmark	ориентир (бросающийся в глаза объект местности)
the bus station	автобусная станция
the post office	почта
the Market Street	Маркет-стрит (улица)
the Stonehenge	Стоунхендж
the closest gas station	ближайшая автозаправочная станция
the city centre / downtown	центр города
a car park / parking lot	парковка
the traffic lights	светофор

Giving Directions	Как указать путь
Follow me. I’ll show you the way.	Идите за мной, я покажу Вам дорогу.
Do you want me to draw you a map?	Вам нарисовать план?
It's this way.	Это сюда.
It's that way.	Это туда.
You are going the wrong way.	Вы идете / едете не туда.
You are going in the wrong direction.	Вы идете / едете в неправильном направлении.
Take this road.	Идите / езжайте по этой дороге.
Go down there.	Идите / езжайте туда.
Follow the signs.	Следуйте знакам.
Take the second exit at the roundabout. Сверните с кольца на втором повороте.
Go under the bridge.	Проедьте под мостом.
Go over the bridge.	Проедьте по мосту.
You'll cross some railway lines.	Вы проедете через железнодорожный переезд.
Keep going for another kilometre.	Проедьте еще километр.

Left	Лево
Go left.	Идите / езжайте налево.
It's on the left.	Это слева.
You will see a tower on the left.	Слева Вы увидите башню.
It'll be on your left.	Это (он / она) будет слева от Вас.
It’s going to be on your left.	Это будет слева от Вас.
Turn left.	Поверните налево.
Take a left.	Поверните налево.
Take the first on the left.	Поверните налево на первом повороте.
Take the second (turning) on the left.	Поверните налево на втором повороте.
Turn left at the crossroads.	На перекрёстке поверните налево.
You'll pass a supermarket on your left.	Слева проедете супермаркет.
At the second set of traffic lights, turn left.	На втором светофоре поверните налево.
Turn left at the T-junction.	Поверните налево на Т-образном перекрестке.
Turn left into Oxford Street.	Поверните налево на Оксфорд-стрит.
Stay in the left lane.	Оставайтесь на левой полосе.
Get in the left lane.	Перестройтесь в левую полосу.

Right	Право
Go right.	Идите / езжайте направо.
It's on the right.	Это справа.
You will see a tower on the right.	Справа Вы увидите башню.
It'll be on your right.	Это (он / она) будет справа от Вас.
It’s going to be on your right.	Это будет справа от Вас.
Turn right.	Поверните направо.
Take a right.	Поверните направо.
Take the first on the right.	Поверните направо на первом повороте.
Take the second (turning) on the right.	Поверните направо на втором повороте.
Turn right at the crossroads.	На перекрёстке поверните направо.
You'll pass a supermarket on your right.	Справа проедете супермаркет.
At the second set of traffic lights, turn right.	На втором светофоре поверните направо.
Turn right at the T-junction.	Поверните направо на Т-образном перекрестке.
Turn right into Oxford Street.	Поверните направо на Оксфорд-стрит.
Stay in the right lane.	Оставайтесь на правой полосе.
Get in the right lane.	Перестройтесь в правую полосу.

Ahead	Вперед
Go ahead.	Идите / езжайте прямо (вперед).
Go straight ahead.	Идите / езжайте прямо.
Continue straight ahead for about a mile.	Едьте прямо еще примерно милю.
Continue past the fire station.	Проедете мимо пожарной части.
Continue straight on past some traffic lights.	После светофора продолжайте ехать прямо.
Go straight on.	Идите / езжайте прямо (как и шли / ехали).
It'll be straight ahead of you.	Это (он / она) будет прямо перед Вами.

If You Can’t Help	Если Вы не можете помочь
(I’m) Sorry, I don’t know.	Извините, (я) не знаю.
Sorry, I’m not from around here.	Извините, я не местный.
I’m afraid I can’t help you.	Боюсь, я не могу Вам помочь.
You could ask the bus driver.	Вы можете спросить водителя автобуса.

Prepositions of Place	Предлоги места
where	где
opposite	напротив
across from	через дорогу от
between	между
in front of	перед
behind	за (позади)
next to	рядом с (по соседству с)
beside	рядом с
near	недалеко от

Prepositions of Movement	Предлоги движения
where (to)	куда
past (the post office)	мимо
along (the river)	вдоль
over (the bridge)	по
through (the park)	через
towards (the church)	к, по направлению к
up (the hill)	вверх, на
down (the hill)	вниз, с

How far is it?	Как далеко?
Is it far (from here)?	Это далеко (отсюда)?
Is it a long way?	Это далеко (долгий путь)?
How far is it?	Как далеко до этого?
How far is it to the airport?	Как далеко до аэропорта?
How far is it to the airport from here?	Как далеко отсюда до аэропорта?
It's not far (from here).	Это недалеко (отсюда).
It’s just around the corner.	Это прямо за углом.
It's quite close.	Довольно близко.
It's quite a long way.	Довольно далеко.
It takes a while.	Это займет некоторое время.
It's a long way on foot.	Довольно долго идти пешком.
It's a long way to walk.	Достаточно далеко, чтобы идти пешком.
It’s about a five-minute walk.	Это в пяти минутах ходьбы.
It's about a ten-minute walk.	Это в десяти минутах ходьбы.
It’s about a twenty minute bus ride.	Надо минут двадцать ехать на автобусе.
It's about a mile from here.	Около мили отсюда.

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Water

                                               Water

Water is one of the most important substances on planet Earth. All forms of life need water to live. Water is constantly moving about the Earth through the water cycle. 

What is water? 

Like all "stuff", water is made up of molecules. Maybe you have heard water called H₂O? This is actually the chemical formula for the molecule that makes up water. The H stands for hydrogenatoms and the O for oxygen atoms. Each water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Water Molecule

States of Water 

We know that water isn't always "wet", sometimes it's frozen into ice or snow. Depending on the temperature and energy of the molecules in water, water can exist in three states:

• Ice - Ice is the solid form of water. When water gets below 0 degrees C (32 deg F) it will freeze and become ice.
• Liquid - This is the wet stuff we drink and swim around in.
• Vapor - When water evaporates or gets above 100 degrees C and starts boiling, water turns into its gas state called vapor.

Water on Earth 

Water is literally all over the Earth. Around 70% of the Earth's surface is covered in water. Around 97% of the Earth's water is in the oceans. This water is salt water and we can't drink it. Another 2.4% of the Earth's water is frozen water in glaciers and the polar ice caps. This leaves around 0.6% of the water as freshwater in rivers and lakes that we can drink. 

Does water have taste? 

Pure water actually has no taste at all. What you taste when you drink tap water or bottled water is minerals and other substances that have dissolved in the water. 

Is there water on other planets? 

Yes, water is in a lot of places in outer space. This is because the two elements in water, Hydrogen and Oxygen are two of the most abundant elements in the universe. Much of the water we know about on other planets is ice. Water ice can be found on the Moon, Mars, in Saturn's rings, Pluto, and on Comets. Water vapor is also found in the atmospheres of other planets like Mercury, Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. 

Uses of Water 

We use water for more things than just drinking. We use it in agriculture to grow food, in cleaning to wash our clothes and dishes, in firefighting to put out fires, and in hydropower to create energy with dams. These are just a few ways we use water in our lives. 

Fun Facts about Water

• Water is often used as the standard in scientific measurements such as temperature and volume.
• Water that is good for drinking is called potable water.
• Seventy percent of a human's body is made up of water.
• Water dissolves more types of materials than any other liquid.
• In the United States, the average person will use around 80 gallons of water a day. We use the most water by flushing toilets.
• Ice is less dense than water allowing giant icebergs to float on top of the ocean.

Soaps and Salts

Soaps and Salts

What are salts? 

In chemistry, salts are ionic compounds that are formed from the neutralization reactions of an acid and a base. Salts have certain properties:

• Salts are made up of an equal number of anions (negative ions) and cations (positive ions)
• They are hard and brittle
• Most salts dissolve in water and are solids at room temperature
• They have strong bonds and a relatively high boiling point
• Salts are electrically neutral
• In their solid state, they arrange themselves in a rigid structure called a lattice

Salts come in a variety of tastes and colors. Some salts are not safe to eat. 

Table Salt 

What most people call "salt" is the chemical compound sodium chloride. It has the chemical formula NaCl. Sodium chloride dissolves in water and is what makes the ocean water salty. 

Salt is necessary for animal life. It is also used to enhance the taste of our foods and to preserve foods. 

Soap is a Salt 

In chemistry, soap is a type of salt. This is because it is formed from the mixing of an acid and a base. 

How does soap work? 

Soaps and detergents help to clean clothes, skin, dirty dishes, and other items by dissolving grease. Detergents are made up of special molecules. Part of these molecules is attracted to water. The other part is attracted to grease. The part that is attracted to grease will dissolve the grease and break it up into smaller components that can then be rinsed away by water. 

How is soap made? 

Humans have made soap all the way back to the ancient civilizations of the Babylonians and theEgyptians. For many years soap was made from a mixture of ashes, animal fat, and water. Although we no longer make soap the same way, the chemistry for making modern soap is very similar. 

Today soap is often made from a combination of fats and sodium hydroxide. As the soap is formed, the byproduct of glycerol is removed. Once the raw soap is produced, other ingredients like perfumes and colors can be added. The chemical process used to make soaps is called saponification. 

Interesting Facts about Soaps and Salts

• Salts can be made by mixing an acid and a base or an acid and a metal.
• Thallium salt was once used as rat and ant poison.
• The green color of an emerald is because of small amounts of the salt chromium oxide.
• Around 250 million tons of salt was produced in 2010. Most of it is produced by the evaporation of ocean water and salt lakes.
• Glycerol, the byproduct of soap manufacturing, is used for making other chemical compounds such as plastics and explosives.
• Several different salts go into the manufacture of glass.
• Liquid soap was not invented until the late 1800s.
• Soap is a key ingredient in many lubricating greases.